KEY REFERENCES Arnfield A.J. and C.S.B. Grimmond 1998: An urban canyon energy budget model and its application to urban storage heat flux modelling. Energy and Buildings, 27, 61-68.
Asaeda, T. and Ca, V. T. (1993): The subsurface transport of heat and moisture and its effect on the environment: a numerical model. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 65, 159-179. Asaeda, T., Ca, V. T. and Wake, A. (1996): Heat storage
of pavement and its effect on the lower atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment, 30, 413-427. Balling, R. C. and Brazel, S. W., 1988, "High-Resolution Surface Temperature Patterns in a Complex Urban Terrain,"
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 54:1289-1293. Baraldi, A.; Parmiggiani, F., 1990, Urban Area Classification by Multispectral SPOT Images. IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing
: a publication of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society. Volume 28, Number 4 Brazel, A., Hubble, M. and Lougeay, R., 1993, "Monitoring the Climatic Effects of Urbanization at Various Spatial Scales,"
Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Anaheim, California. Ca, V. T., Asaeda, T. and Fujino, T. (1995): Effects of greening on the climate of Tama New Town.
Environmental Systems Research, 23. Carlson, T.N., J.K. Dodd, S.G. Benjamin and J.N. Cooper, 1981: Satellite Estimation of the Surface Energy Balance, Moisture Availability and Thermal Inertia
. Journal of Applied Meteorology., 20(1), 67-87. Carnahan, W. H. and R. C. Larson, 1990, "An analysis of an Urban Heat Sink," Remote Sensing of Environment, 33:65-71. Chandler T.J. Urban Climatology
and its relevance to Urban Design, WHO Techn. Note Nr. 149, Genf, 1976. Cleugh H.A. and C.S.B. Grimmond 1993: A comparison between measurements of local-scale 'suburban' and areally-averaged 'urban' heat and water vapour fluxes.
Exchange processes at the land surface for a range of space and time scales , International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication, 212, 155-163. Cleugh H.A. and C.S.B. Grimmond: 1998. Modelling regional scale surface
energy exchanges and CBL growth in a heterogeneous, urban-rural landscape. Boundary Layer Meteorology (submitted). Deguchi, C.; Sugio, S., 1994, Estimations for percentage of impervious area by the use of satellite remote sensing
imagery, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, Volume 29, Number 1-2 Eyton, J. R., 1993, Urban land use classification and modelling using cover-frequency
signatures, Applied geography, Volume 13, Number 1 Gallo, K.P. and C.S.T. Daughtry, 1987: Differences in vegetation indices for simulated Landsat- 5 MSS and TM, NOAA-9 AVHRR and SPOT-1 sensor systems.
Remote Sensing of the Environment., 23:439-452. Gallo, K.P., A.L. McNab, T.R. Karl, J.F. Brown, J.J. Hood, and J.D. Tarpley, 1993a: The Use of NOAA AVHRR Data for Assessment of the Urban Heat Island Effect.
Journal of Applied Meteorology., 32:899-908. Gallo, K.P., A.L. McNab, T.R. Karl, J.F. Brown, J.J. Hood, and J.D. Tarpley, 1993b: The Use of a Vegetation Index for Assessment of the Urban Heat Island Effect.
Intl. J. Remote Sensing, 14:2223-2230. Gallo, K.P., J.D. Tarpley, A.L. McNab, and T.R. Karl, 1995: Assessment of urban heat islands: a satellite perspective. Atmospheric Research, 37: 37-43. Goward, S.N., 1981:
Thermal Behavior of Urban Landscapes an d the Urban Heat Island. Physical. Geography., 2(1), 19-33. Greeley, Jeffrey Alan., 1992, The processing and classification of remotely sensed images
, Thesis (M.S.)--California State University, Long Beach Grimmond C.S.B, T.S. King, T.R. Oke and M. Roth: 1998. Surface aerodynamic characteristics of urban areas: anemometric analyses. Boundary Layer Meteorology (in press).
Grimmond C.S.B. 1996: Dynamically determined parameters for urban energy and water exchange modelling. In GIS and Environmental Modeling: Progress and Research Issues. Goodchild, M.F., Steyaert, L.T., Parks, B.O., Johnston, C.,
Maidment, D. Crane, M. And Glendinning Eds)., , GeoWorld, 305-309. Grimmond C.S.B. and T.R. Oke 1991: An evaporation-interception model for urban areas. Water Resources Research, 27, 1739-1755. Grimmond C.S.B. and T.R. Oke
1995: Comparison of heat fluxes from summertime observations in the suburbs of four North American cities. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 34, 873-889. Grimmond C.S.B. and T.R. Oke: 1998. Heat storage in urban areas: observations
and evaluation of a simple model. Journal of Applied Meteorology (in press) Grimmond C.S.B., C. Souch and M. Hubble 1996: The influence of tree cover on summertime energy balance fluxes, San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles. Climate
Research, 6(1) 45-57. Grimmond C.S.B., H.A. Cleugh and T.R. Oke 1991: An objective urban heat storage model and its comparison with other schemes. Atmospheric Environment, 25B, 311-326. Hubble, M., 1993, Monitoring and
Assessing Surface and Near-Surface Urban Climate with Landsat Satellite Imagery: Phoenix, Arizona, Masters Thesis, Department of Geography, Arizona State University. Jensen, John R., 1996, Introductory digital image
processing : a remote sensing perspective, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall Jensen, John R.; Cowen, David J.; Halls, Joanne; Narumalani, Sunil; Schmidt, Nicholas J., 1994, Improved Urban Infrastructure Mapping and Forecasting for
Bellsouth Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technology, Photogrammetric engineering and remote sensing, Volume LX, Number 3 Karl, T.R., H.F. Diaz, and G. Kukla, 1988: Urbanization: Its Detection and Effect in the United States
Climate Record. Journal of .Climate, 1, 1099-1123. Kanda, M. (1991): Role of water region and soil moisture in the urban climate. Numerical experiment of evaporation, convective clouds and rainfall. Prepr. Proc. Congr.
Int. Assoc. Hydraul. Res., 24, 51-58. Landsberg, H.E., 1981: The Urban Climate. New York: Academic Press, 275 pp. Lo, C. P.; Quattrochi, D. A.; Luvall, J. C., 1997, Application of high-resolution thermal infrared remote
sensing and GIS to assess the urban heat island effect, International journal of remote sensing, Volume 18, Number 2 Lougeay, Ray; Brazel, Anthony; Hubble, Mark, 1996, Monitoring Intraurban Temperature Patterns and
Associated Land Cover in Phoenix, Arizona Using Landsat Thermal Data, Geocarto international, Volume 11, Number 4 Lougeay, R., Stoll, M., and Brazel, A., 1994, "Surface Emissivity Calibration of Landsat Thermal Data:
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publication, Phoenix, Arizona. Masuhara, T. (1990): Urban and non-urban difference of the thermal diffusion coefficient in the surface layer and its influence on CO concentration. Geog. Rev. Japan, 63B, 179-187. McPherson
E.G., D. Nowak, G. Heisler, C.S.B. Grimmond, C. Souch, R. Grant and R. Rowntree 1997: Quantifying urban forest structure, function and value: The Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. Urban Ecosystems, 1, 49-61. Mesev, Victor,
1997,Remote sensing of urban systems: Hierarchical integration with GIS, Computers, environment and urban systems, Volume 21, Number 3-4 Mizutori, M., Tamura, H. and Murayama, K. (1994): Numerical simulation of thermal
environment in Nagoya city and its suburbs. Environmental Systems Research, 22. Moriyama, M. and Matsumoto, M. (1988): Control of urban night temperature in semitropical regions during summer. Energy and Buildings, 11, 213-219.
Moriyama, M., 1991, Estimation of land cover ratio using remote sensing data (LANDSAT MSS) for investigating thermal properties of urban areas, Energy and Buildings, Volume 15, Numbers 1-2 Murakami, S., Mochida, A.
and Tominaga, S. (1995): Numerical simulation of turbulent diffusion in cities. Cermak et al. (eds.):Wind Climate in Cities. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 681-701. Naugle, Burl Ivan, 1991, Classification of urban areas from
digital satellite data for mobility modeling data base development , U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Naugle, Burl Ivan, 1991, Digital image enhancement of satellite data for transportation network extraction
, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Nemani, R.R. and S.W. Running, 1989: Estimation of Regional Surface Resistance to Evapotranspiration from NDVI and Thermal-IR AVHRR Data,
Journal of Appl.ied Meteorology, 28, 276-284. Nichol, J., 1994, "A GIS-Based Approach to Microclimate Monitoring in Singapore's High-Rise Housing Estates," Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
, 60:(10)1225-1232. Oke,T.R., 1987: Boundary Layer Climates. Methuen: London and New York ,435 pp. Oke, T. R., 1973, "City Size and the Urban Heat Island," Atmospheric Environment, 7:769-779. Oke,
T.R., R. Spronken-Smith, E. Jauregui, S. Grimmond and V. Barradas. 1998. Recent energy balance observations in Mexico City. Atmospheric Environment (in press) Oke, T.R., R. Spronken-Smith, E. Jauregui, S. Grimmond and V.
Barradas. 1998. Recent energy balance observations in Mexico City. Atmospheric Environment (in press) Price, J.C., 1990: Using Spatial Context in Satellite Data to Infer Regional Scale Evapotranspiration. IEEE Transactions on
Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 28(5), 940-948. Quattrochi, D. A.; Ridd, M. K., 1994, Measurement and analysis of thermal energy responses from discrete urban surfaces using remote sensing data,
International journal of remote sensing, Volume 15, Number 10 Reginato, R. J., and Jackson, R.D., 1988, "Emissivity Measurements of Soil and Plant Surfaces (Chapter 9)," The Mac III Experiment, Phoenix AZ
U.S. Water Conservation Lab. Richards, J.A., 1993: Remote Sensing Digital Image Processing: An Introduction. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 340 pp. Ridd, M. K., 1995, Exploring a V-I-S (vegetation-impervious
surface-soil) model for urban ecosystem analysis through remote sensing: comparative anatomy for cities, International journal of remote sensing, Volume 16, Number 12 Roth, M., T.R. Oke and W.J. Emery, 1989:
Satellite-Derived Urban Heat Isla nds From Three Coastal Cities and the Utilization of Such Data in Urban Climatology. International Journal of Remote Sensing., 10(11), 1699-1720. Saitoh, I., Ishihara, O. et al. (1990/91):
Study of the effect of green areas on the thermal environment in an urban area. Energy and Buildings, 15/16, 493-498. Saitoh, T., Shimada, T. and Hisada, T. (1992): Urban warming and energy consumption in Tokyo Metro Area. Proc.
Int. Energy Conservation Engineering Conference., 5, 341-348. Sakakibara, Y. (1996): A numerical study of the effect of urban geometry upon the surface energy budget. Atmospheric Environment, 30, 487-496. Sakakibara, Y. and
Yamashita, S. (1991): Temperature increase caused by urbanization since 1900 in Japanese cities. Environmental Change and GIS, 2, 71-76. Schmid H.P., H.A. Cleugh, C.S.B. Grimmond and T.R. Oke 1991: Spatial variability of energy
fluxes in suburban terrain. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 54, 249-276. Schott, John R. 1989, Correction of atmospheric inhomogeneities in visible wavelength imagery : final report
/ Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY Salt River Project, 1992, "Digital land use maps and Projections of the Phoenix, Arizona
Metropolotian Region," Obtained through personal communication. Schmid, H. P., and Oke, T. R., 1992, "Scaling North American Urban Climates by Lines, Lanes and Rows," Geographical Snapshots of North America
, (ed. D. B. Janelle). 395-399. Guilford Press, New York. Spronken-Smith, R.A. and Oke, T.R. (1998): The thermal regime of urban parks in two cities with different summer climates. International Journal of Remote
Sensing, (in press). Spronken-Smith, R.A. Urban parks as "cool islands" - a review. Proceed. New Zealand Geographical Society Anniversary Conf., Christchurch, 1995. Stoll, M., 1990, Analysis of Land Use
Effects on Surface to Air Relationships in an Urban Environment, Masters Thesis, Department of Geography, Arizona State University. Stoll, M., and Brazel, A., 1992, "Surface Air Temperature Relationships in the Urban
Environment of Phoenix, Arizona," Physical Geography, 13(2):160-179. Takamura, T. (1991): Spectral reflectance in an urban area, A case study for Tokyo. Boundary-layer Meteorol., 59, 67-82. Takewaka, S., Ikeda, S.,
Hirayama, T., Kayaba, Y. and Zaitsu, T. (1994): Heat environment in a summer day at surrounding region of an urban river. J. Hydroscience and Hydraulic Engineering, 12(2), 101-112. Tin-Seong, Kam, 1995,Integrating GIS and Remote
Sensing Techniques for Urban Land-Cover and Land-Use Analysis, Geocarto international, Volume 10, Number 1 Upmanis H. and Chen D. 1998: Night-time Summer Temperature-Differences between a Green Area and its Built-up
Surroundings due to Local and Large-scale Parameters (Göteborg, Sweden). Manuscript. Upmanis H., Eliasson I., Lindqvist S. 1998: The Influence of Green Areas on Nocturnal Temperatures in a High Latitude City (Göteborg,
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Atmospheric environment, Volume 32, Number 1 Voogt, J.A. and T.R. Oke: 1998. Effects of urban surface geometry on remotely-sensed surface temperature. Int. J. Rem. Sens. 19, 895-920. Voogt, J.A. and T.R. Oke: 1997. Complete
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of diurnal and annual variations of heat island intensity in the medium-sized Japanese cities. Bull. Tokyo Gakugei Univ., Sec. III, 46,177-198. Yeh, Anthony Gar-On; Li, Xia, 1996, Urban growth management in the Pearl river delta:
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